σ² Theorem Programme Results Papers Solved Tools Essays Pipeline Media News 137 FAQs
Pentagon Physics

Solved.

Twelve famous open problems in physics. One axiom. Zero free parameters. Each card links to the paper that closes it.

The Hierarchy Problem
Why is gravity 1036 weaker than electromagnetism?
Because gravity crosses 18 eigenvalue modes through the D₄ bridge. Each mode screens by α. The total: G = α¹⁸ × 12/7. Not weak. Screened.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.19109094
The Strong CP Problem
Why is the QCD θ-parameter zero?
The D₄ bridge is Galois-invariant. All 24 vertices have no φ-content. A CP-violating θ would require the bridge to distinguish φ from σ. It cannot. θ = 0 is a theorem of the bridge geometry. No axion needed.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.19147058
Three Generations
Why are there exactly three families of fermions?
D₄ triality. The group so(8) has three 8-dimensional representations permuted by S₃. These force three copies of every fermion. Not two. Not four. Three, by the symmetry of the bridge.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.19147058
The Cosmological Constant
Why is Λ so small but not zero?
De Sitter space is prevented. The axiom's potential has a minimum at φ⁻² = 38.2% matter, not at zero. The cosmological constant sits on the bridge line with slope α⁻¹ and intercept φ⁻².
doi:10.5281/zenodo.19115512
The Measurement Problem
What determines quantum outcomes?
States live in 4D. Observers see 3D. Measurement is a hyperplane cutting a polytope. The Born rule is the squared projection: |proj|² = 1 − v₄². Collapse is geometry, not dynamics.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.18912388
Unification of GR and QM
How do gravity and quantum mechanics fit together?
They are two eigenspaces of the same transfer matrix. E₈ = two 600-cells sharing a 24-cell. Matter in cell 1, geometry in cell 2, spin connection in the bridge. Four projections give four forces.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.19557759
Dark Energy / Dark Matter Ratio
Why is the universe 68% dark energy and 27% dark matter?
The attractor is φ⁻¹ / φ⁻² = 61.8% / 38.2%. The current 68/27 split is an overshoot. The universe is oscillating toward the golden ratio. DESI is measuring the descent.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.18669206
Neutrino Masses
What are the neutrino masses and why are they so small?
Q(ν) = σ² = 1/φ². Normal ordering: m₁ = 10.06, m₂ = 13.29, m₃ = 51.30 meV. Σm = 74.65 meV. Majorana, not Dirac. All from the axiom squared.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.19135102
Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry
Why is there more matter than antimatter?
The Galois automorphism maps φ to σ but not symmetrically: |φ| > |σ|. The φ-direction expands state space. The σ-direction contracts it. The asymmetry is algebraic, present from the first act.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.18936715
Why Is Nature Lagrangian?
Why does physics obey an action principle?
Because the axiom is a contraction mapping. Contraction mappings minimise a functional at each step. The Lagrangian is the cost function of the contraction. The action principle is the axiom iterating.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.18632291
Why Quantum?
Why does nature obey quantum mechanics at all?
Because the 600-cell state space is finite and 4-dimensional. Superposition is the existence of multiple vertices in the same 3D shadow. Quantisation is the discreteness of the polytope.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.19125869
The Fine Structure Constant
Why does α⁻¹ ≈ 137.036?
α is a convergent series generated by the axiom. Each term is 2^(k²) × ζ(2k+1) × wᵏ. Five terms give α⁻¹ = 137.035999... matching Morel (2020) to 0.05σ. α is a theorem, not a measurement.
doi:10.5281/zenodo.18648550