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Foundations · April 2026

The Shadows of E = mc² — Deconstructed

E = mc² is empirically correct and ontologically shallow — a projection formula relating the energy stored in a coordinate we cannot directly observe to the energy we can measure. This paper strips the equation to its geometric core.

Eric McLean · Independent Researcher, Edinburgh · Pentagon Physics · 20 April 2026 · 10.5281/zenodo.19666669
1Equation
3Projections
10Decimal places
0Free parameters
Key Results

The equation is a shadow

E = mc² is a bookkeeping identity that has been mistaken for a deep physical law. This paper shows that the famous equation is a three-dimensional projection of a higher-dimensional geometric relationship — the standing-wave eigenvalue structure of the 600-cell polytope. In natural units the equation reads A = A; the depth was never in the formula but in what mass actually is.

1
E = mc² is a bookkeeping identity already present in Maxwell's equations forty years before Einstein named it.
2
The c² factor is a unit-conversion artefact between kilograms and joules — two human rulers with no physical reason to match.
3
In natural units the equation reads A = A. The depth was never in the formula but in what mass actually is.
4
Mass is a standing-wave eigenvalue on a 600-cell polytope; E = mc² is its three-dimensional shadow.
Kill Conditions
K1: Standing-wave eigenvalue model failing to reproduce rest masses to within 1% — geometric interpretation falsified
K2: Any derivation depending on c² as a physical constant rather than a conversion factor — framework inconsistent
↗ Read on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.19666669