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Nuclear Physics · April 2026

The Four Forces and the Nucleons

The proton is a single standing-wave configuration of 94 ℚ-rational eigenmodes on a 4D 600-cell, sharing the E₈ root system with its Galois twin, the neutron. The four forces emerge from the geometry of this object.

Eric McLean · Independent Researcher, Edinburgh · Pentagon Physics · 19 April 2026 · 10.5281/zenodo.19653779
4Forces
94Eigenmodes
2Nucleons
0Free parameters
Key Results

Four forces from one polytope

The proton and neutron are not separate objects but Galois conjugates on the 600-cell — the same standing-wave architecture viewed through two algebraic embeddings. The four fundamental forces are four distinct geometric operations on this single polytope, and gravity emerges as a residual spectral mismatch rather than a fundamental interaction.

1
The proton and neutron are Galois conjugates on the 600-cell — one object viewed through two algebraic embeddings of ℚ(√5).
2
The four fundamental forces are four distinct geometric operations on the same polytope: D₄ triality, icosian ring multiplication, Galois involution, and bridge-line projection.
3
Gravity emerges as the residual spectral mismatch when the 600-cell is embedded in E₈ — not a fundamental force but a geometric shadow.
4
The gravitational coupling constant is derived from the icosian ring structure without free parameters.
Kill Conditions
K1: Gravitational coupling derivation deviating from measured value by more than 1% — E₈ embedding falsified
K2: Discovery of a fifth force not accommodated by the 600-cell geometry — polytope model falsified
↗ Read on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.19653779